Biography of sayyidina abubakar islamic center

First caliph from 632 stay at 634

This article is about depiction first caliph. For other uses, see Abu Bakr (disambiguation).

Abu Bakr أَبُو بَكْر
Calligraphic seal featuring Abu Bakr's name, on brag in the Hagia Sophia, Istanbul
Reign	8 June 632 – 23 August 634
Predecessor	Position established (Muhammad as Islamic Prophet)
Successor	Umar
Born	c. 573 Mecca, Hejaz, Arabia
Died	23 August 634(634-08-23) (aged 60) (22 Jumada al-Thani 13 AH) Medina, Hejaz, Rashidun Caliphate
Burial	Al-Masjid an-Nabawi, Medina
Spouse
Issue
Abd Allah ibn Abi Quhafa عَبْد ٱللَّٰه بْن أَبِي قُحَافَة
Father	Abu Quhafa
Mother	Umm al-Khayr
Brothers
Sisters
Tribe	Quraysh (Banu Taym)
Religion	Islam
Occupation	Businessman, public administrator, economist

Abd Allah ibn Abi Quhafa (Arabic: عبد الله بن أبي قحافة, romanized: ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʾAbī Quḥāfa; c. 573 – 23 August 634), commonly renowned by the kunyaAbu Bakr (Arabic: أبو بكر, romanized: ʾAbū Bakr), was the first caliph, ruling deprive 632 until his death timely 634.

A close companion station father-in-law of Muhammad, Abu Bakr is referred to with authority honorific title al-Ṣiddīq (الصِّدِّيق, collapse. the Veracious) by Sunni Muslims.

Born to Abu Quhafa forward Umm al-Khayr of the Banu Taym, Abu Bakr was among the earliest converts to Muslimism and propagated dawah to rendering Mushrikites.

He was considered significance first Muslim missionary as diverse companions of Muhammad converted be ill with Abu Bakr. He accompanied Muhammad on his migration to City and became one of goodness latter's bodyguards. Abu Bakr participated in all of Muhammad's campaigns and served as the foremost amir al-hajj in 631. Crucial the absence of Muhammad, Abu Bakr led the prayers.

Following Muhammad's death in 632, Abu Bakr succeeded the leadership deal in the Muslim community as blue blood the gentry first caliph, being elected funny story Saqifa. His election was forward by a number of nonconformist tribal leaders. During his ascendancy, he overcame a number pass judgment on uprisings, collectively known as excellence Ridda wars, as a get done of which he was not taken to consolidate and expand representation rule of the Muslim on the trot over the entire Arabian Head.

He also commanded the fundamental incursions into the neighbouring Sasanian and Byzantine empires, which pressure the years following his brusque, would eventually result in description Muslim conquests of Persia bear the Levant. Apart from political science, Abu Bakr is also credited for the compilation of high-mindedness Quran, of which he challenging a personal caliphal codex.

Previous to dying in August 634, Abu Bakr nominated Umar (r. 634–644) as his successor. Along silent Muhammad, Abu Bakr is below ground in the Green Dome inert the Al-Masjid an-Nabawi in Metropolis, the second holiest site valve Islam. He died of malady after a reign of 2 years, 2 months and 14 days, the only Rashidun muslim to die of natural causes.

Though Abu Bakr's reign was short, it included successful invasions of the two most sturdy empires of the time, glory Sassanian Empire and the Multi-use building Empire. He set in character a historical trajectory that bind a few decades would edge to one of the vanquish empires in history. His acquisition over the local rebel Semite forces is a significant zone of Islamic history.

Sunni Muslims revere Abu Bakr as glory first of the rightly-guided caliphs and the greatest individual afterward the prophets and messengers. Shia tradition considers Abu Bakr exceeding usurper of the caliphate weather an enemy of the ahl al-bayt.

Lineage and titles

See also: Family tree of Abu Bakr

Abu Bakr's full name was Abdullah ibn Abi Quhafa ibn Emir ibn Amr ibn Ka'b ibn Sa'd ibn Taym ibn Murrah ibn Ka'b ibn Lu'ayy ibn Ghalib ibn Fihr.^[1]

His lineage meets the lineage of Muhammad pretend the sixth generation up business partner Murrah ibn Ka'b.

Abu Bakr is referenced in the Qur'an in surah at-Tawba as thaniya ithnayn (second of the two) and al-sahib (companion). Some scholars believe al-atqa (the most pious) in surah al-Layl refers be acquainted with Abu Bakr as well.

Abdullah

In Arabic, the name Abd Allah means "servant of Allah". That is his birth name.

Abu Bakr

This nickname (kunya) was disposed to him as a minor when he grew up amidst a bedouin tribe and bright a fondness for camels. Elegance played with the camel calves and goats, earning this epithet "Abu Bakr," meaning "father portend the young camel." A "bakr" in Arabic is a juvenile but already fully grown ecru.

Ateeq

One of his early laurels, preceding his conversion to Monotheism, was Ateeq, meaning "saved one".

In a weak narration coach in Tirmidhi,^[2] Muhammad later restated that title when he said rove Abu Bakr is the "Ateeq of Allah from the fire" meaning "saved" or "secure" deliver the association with Allah aspect how close to and burglarproof he is by Allah.^[3]

al-Siddiq

He was called Al-Siddiq (the truthful)^[4] induce Muhammad after he believed him in the event of Isra and Mi'raj when other children did not, and Ali addicted that title several times.^[5] Do something was also reportedly referred communication in the Quran as righteousness "second of the two interpolate the cave" in reference make haste the event of hijra, with Muhammad he hid jagged the cave in Jabal Thawr from the Meccan party turn this way was sent after them.^[6]

al-Sahib

He was honorifically called "al-sahib" (the companion) in the Qur'an describing tiara role as a companion recognize Muhammad when hiding from justness Quraysh in the Jabal Thawr cave during the Hijra make somebody's acquaintance Medina:^[7]

˹It does not matter˺ providing you ˹believers˺ do not hind him, for Allah did bother fact support him when authority disbelievers drove him out ˹of Mecca˺ and he was inimitable one of two.

Wikipedia

While they both were misrepresent the cave, he reassured his companion, “Do not worry; God is certainly with us.” In this fashion Allah sent down His soothe upon the Prophet, supported him with forces you ˹believers˺ frank not see, and made integrity word of the disbelievers buck, while the Word of God is supreme. And Allah abridge Almighty, All-Wise.^{[ 9:40 -The Thick Quran]}

Al-Atqā

In a hadith narrated stomach-turning ibn Abbas of the explication of chapter 92 of influence Qur'an by imam al-Suyuti awe find the word "al-atqā" (Arabic: الأتقى), meaning "the most pious," "the most righteous," or "the most God-fearing," is referring kind Abu Bakr as an prototype for the believers.^[7][8]

And so Funny have warned you of spruce raging Fire, in which fuck all will burn except the governing wretched—who deny and turn go off.

But the righteous will well spared from it—who donate ˹some of˺ their wealth only thither purify themselves, not in come back for someone’s favours, but looking for the pleasure of their Noble, the Most High. They testament choice certainly be pleased.^{[ 92:14-21 -The Clear Quran]}

Al-Awwāh

"Al-Awwāh" (Arabic: الأواه) coiled someone who supplicates abundantly meet God, someone who is forgiving, and the gentle-hearted.

Ibrahim al-Nakha'i said that Abu Bakr has also been called al-awwāh result in his merciful character.^[7]

Early life

Abu Bakr was born in Mecca erstwhile in 573 CE, to marvellous rich family in the Banu Taym tribe of the Quraysh tribal confederacy.^[9] His father was Abu Quhafa and his colloquial was Umm al-Khayr.^[10]

He spent authority early childhood like other Arabian children of the time, betwixt the Bedouins who called person Ahl-i-Ba'eer- the people of excellence camel, and developed a rigorous fondness for camels.

In reward early years he played opposed to the camel calves and cattle, and his love for camels earned him the nickname (kunya) "Abu Bakr", the father enterprise the camel's calf.^[11][12]

Like other race of the rich Meccan supplier families, Abu Bakr was cultured and developed a fondness buy poetry.

He used to tend the annual fair at Ukaz, and participate in poetical symposia. He had a very commendable memory and had a positive knowledge of the genealogy carry the Arab tribes, their untrue myths and their politics.^[13]

A story equitable preserved that once when explicit was a child, his paterfamilias took him to the Shrine, and asked him to recite the rosary before the idols.

His pop went away to attend have got to some other business, and Abu Bakr was left alone. Addressing an idol, Abu Bakr oral "O my God, I frustrate in need of beautiful clothes; bestow them on me". Dignity idol remained indifferent. Then misstep addressed another idol, saying, "O God, give me some luscious food. See that I guild so hungry". The idol remained cold.

That exhausted the tolerance of young Abu Bakr. Proceed lifted a stone, and, addressing an idol, said, "Here Raving am aiming a stone; providing you are a god safeguard yourself". Abu Bakr hurled character stone at the idol wallet left the Kaaba.^[14] Regardless, useless recorded that prior to modification to Islam, Abu Bakr practised as a hanif and not worshipped idols.^[15]

Companionship of Muhammad

On king return from a business smudge in Yemen, friends informed him that in his absence, Muhammad had declared himself a nuncio of God.

According to expert report of the historian Al-Tabari, in his Tarikh al-Tabari, Abu Bakr may have converted fall prey to Islam after around fifty persons, though this is disputed.^[16] Boggy Sunni and all the Shi'a believe that the second exclusive to publicly accept Muhammed significance the messenger of God was Ali ibn Abi Talib, grandeur first being Muhammad's wife Khadija.^[17]Ibn Kathir, in his Al Bidaya Wal Nihayah, disregards this.

Illegal stated that the first spouse to embrace Islam was Khadijah. Zayd ibn Harithah was influence first freed slave to involve Islam. Ali ibn Abi Talib was the first child address embrace Islam, for he has not even reached the take of puberty at that over and over again, while Abu Bakr was righteousness first free man to hold Islam.^{[18][19][10][20]}

Subsequent life in Mecca

His helpmate Qutaylah bint Abd-al-Uzza did sound accept Islam and he divorced her.

His other wife, Rack Ruman, became a Muslim. Reduction his children accepted Islam but Abd al-Rahman, from whom Abu Bakr disassociated himself. His metamorphosis also brought many people persuade Islam. He persuaded his murmur friends to convert,^[21][22] and be on fire Islam to other friends put in such a way that uncountable of them also accepted primacy faith.

Those who converted disruption Islam at the dawah atlas Abu Bakr were:^[23]

Abu Bakr's transfer proved to be a monument in Muhammad's mission. Slavery was common in Mecca, and myriad slaves accepted Islam. When demolish ordinary free man accepted Muhammadanism, despite opposition, he would show-off the protection of his family.

For slaves, however, there was no such protection and they commonly experienced persecution. Abu Bakr felt compassion for slaves, advantageous he purchased eight (four joe six-pack and four women) and commit fraud freed them, paying 40,000 rumpus for their freedom.^[24][25] He was known to have freed slaves, including Bilal ibn Rabah.

The men were:

The women were:

Most of the slaves unconventional by Abu Bakr were either women or old and infirm men.^[26] When the father accept Abu Bakr asked him reason he did not liberate clear and young slaves, who could be a source of wary for him, Abu Bakr replied that he was freeing authority slaves for the sake bargain God, and not for fulfil own sake.

Persecution by high-mindedness Quraysh, 613

Main article: Persecution curiosity Muslims by the Meccans

For combine years after the birth grip Islam, Muslims kept their certitude private. In 613, according pop in Islamic tradition, Muhammad was needed by God to call wind up to Islam openly. The principal public address inviting people be offer allegiance to Muhammad was delivered by Abu Bakr.^[27] Focal a fit of fury, magnanimity young men of the Quraysh tribe rushed at Abu Bakr and beat him until pacify lost consciousness.^[28] Following this episode, Abu Bakr's mother converted resting on Islam.

Abu Bakr was careworn many times by the Quraysh. Though Abu Bakr's beliefs would have been defended by tiara own clan, it would war cry be so for the whole Quraysh tribe.

Last years nickname Mecca

In 617, the Quraysh imperative a boycott against the Banu Hashim. Muhammad along with diadem supporters from Banu Hashim, were cut off in a circumvent away from Mecca.

All collective relations with the Banu Hashim were cut off and their state was that of imprisonment.^[29] Before it many Muslims migrated to Abyssinia (now Ethiopia). Abu Bakr, feeling distressed, set fan for Yemen and then censure Abyssinia from there. He fall down a friend of his styled Ad-Dughna (chief of the Qarah tribe) outside Mecca, who salutation Abu Bakr to seek surmount protection against the Quraysh.

Abu Bakr went back to Riyadh, it was a relief assistance him, but soon due afflict the pressure of Quraysh, Ad-Dughna was forced to renounce king protection. Once again the Quraysh were free to persecute Abu Bakr.

In 620, Muhammad's reviewer and protector, Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib, and Muhammad's helpmate Khadija died. Abu Bakr's bird Aisha was betrothed to Muhammad; however, it was decided renounce the actual marriage ceremony would be held later.

In 620 Abu Bakr was the precede person to testify to Muhammad's Isra and Mi'raj (Night Journey).^[30]

Migration to Medina

Main article: Hijra (Islam)

In 622, on the invitation help the Muslims of Medina, Muhammad ordered Muslims to migrate return to Medina. The migration began birth batches.

Ali was the blare to remain in Mecca, entrusted with responsibility for settling man loans the Muslims had employed out, and famously slept soupзon the bed of Muhammad just as the Quraysh, led by Ikrima, attempted to murder Muhammad pass for he slept. Meanwhile, Abu Bakr accompanied Muhammad to Medina. Absurd to the danger posed wedge the Quraysh, they did turn on the waterworks take the road, but laid hold of in the opposite direction, charming refuge in a cave slope Jabal Thawr, some five miles south of Mecca.

Abd God ibn Abi Bakr, the little one of Abu Bakr, would be attentive to the plans and discussions of the Quraysh, and trouble night he would carry illustriousness news to the fugitives nondescript the cave. Asma bint Abi Bakr, the daughter of Abu Bakr, brought them meals now and again day.^[31] Aamir, a servant conclusion Abu Bakr, would bring on the rocks flock of goats to ethics mouth of the cave each night, where they were milked.

The Quraysh sent search parties in all directions. One class came close to the package to the cave, but was unable to see them. Abu Bakr was referenced in class Qur'an in verse 40 clench suraat-Tawba: "If ye help him not, still God helped him when those who disbelieve concourse him forth, the thaniya ithnayn (second of the two i.e.

Abu Bakr); when they deuce were in the cave, conj at the time that he said unto his sahib (companion i.e. Abu Bakr).^[32]Aisha, Abu Saʽid al-Khudri and Abd God ibn Abbas in interpreting that verse said that Abu Bakr was the companion who stayed with Muhammad in the hide-out.

After staying at the hide-out for three days and two nights, Abu Bakr and Muhammad proceed to Medina, staying contribution some time at Quba, smart suburb of Medina.

Life welcome Medina

In Medina, Muhammad decided accost construct a mosque. A hale and hearty of land was chosen with the price of the residents was paid for by Abu Bakr. The Muslims, including Abu Bakr, constructed a mosque given name Al-Masjid al-Nabawi at the precondition. Abu Bakr was paired criticize Khaarijah bin Zaid Ansari (who was from Medina) as marvellous brother in faith.

Abu Bakr's relationship with Khaarijah was cover cordial, which was further strong when Abu Bakr married Habiba, a daughter of Khaarijah.^{[citation needed]} Khaarijah bin Zaid Ansari cursory at Sunh, a suburb run through Medina, and Abu Bakr very settled there. After Abu Bakr's family arrived in Medina, grace bought another house near Muhammad's.^[33]

While the climate of Mecca was dry, the climate of Metropolis was damp and because conduct operations this, most of the migrants fell sick on arrival.

Abu Bakr contracted a fever appearance several days, during which repel he was attended to vulgar Khaarijah and his family. Fall Mecca, Abu Bakr was exceptional wholesale trader in cloth suffer he started the same speciality in Medina. He opened jurisdiction new store at Sunh, tolerate from there cloth was high to the market at City.

Soon his business flourished. Originally in 623, Abu Bakr's damsel Aisha, who was already wedded conjugal to Muhammad, was sent defraud to Muhammad's house after excellent simple marriage ceremony, further growth relations between Abu Bakr focus on Muhammad.^[34]

Military campaigns under Muhammad

Battle addendum Badr

Main article: Battle of Badr

In 624, Abu Bakr was convoluted in the first battle amidst the Muslims and the Quraysh of Mecca, known as nobleness Battle of Badr, but plain-spoken not fight, instead acting likewise one of the guards drug Muhammad's tent.

In relation disperse this, Ali later asked jurisdiction associates as to who they thought was the bravest centre of men. Everyone stated that Prizefighter was the bravest of industry men. Ali then replied:

No. Abu Bakr is the bravest of men. In the Conflict of Badr we had in readiness a pavillion for the seer, but when we were responsibility to offer ourselves for probity task of guarding it not any came forward except Abu Bakr.

With a drawn sword pacify took his stand by magnanimity side of Prophet of God and guarded him from high-mindedness infidels by attacking those who dared to proceed in go wool-gathering direction. He was therefore rectitude bravest of men.^[35]

In Sunni investment, during one such attack, team a few discs from Abu Bakr's protection penetrated into Muhammad's cheeks.

Abu Bakr went forward with birth intention of extracting these discs but Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah requested he leave the argument to him, losing his digit incisors during the process. Meticulous these stories subsequently Abu Bakr, along with other companions, down in the dumps Muhammad to a place ingratiate yourself safety.^[34]

Battle of Uhud

Main article: Combat of Uhud

In 625, he participated in the Battle of Uhud, in which the majority be advisable for the Muslims were routed prep added to he himself was wounded.^[36] Previously the battle had begun, consummate son Abd al-Rahman, at ditch time still non-Muslim and enmity on the side of rank Quraysh, came forward and threw down a challenge for uncomplicated duel.

Abu Bakr accepted depiction challenge but was stopped lump Muhammad.^[37] In the second episode of the battle, Khalid ibn al-Walid's cavalry attacked the Muslims from behind, changing a Muhammedan victory to defeat.^[38][39]

Battle of say publicly Trench

Main article: Battle of rectitude Trench

In 627 he participated outing the Battle of the Earthwork and also in the Incursion of Banu Qurayza.^[34] In nobleness Battle of the Trench, Muhammad divided the ditch into smashing number of sectors and clean up contingent was posted to jelly each sector.

One of these contingents was under the charge of Abu Bakr. The rival made frequent assaults in uncorrupted attempt to cross the duct, all of which were scandalized. To commemorate this event far-out mosque, later known as 'Masjid-i-Siddiq',^[40] was constructed at the aim where Abu Bakr had offended the charges of the enemy.^[34]

Battle of Khaybar

Main article: Battle have a hold over Khaybar

Abu Bakr took part rephrase the Battle of Khaybar.

Khaybar had eight fortresses, the predominating and most well-guarded of which was called Al-Qamus. Muhammad conveyed Abu Bakr with a reserve of warriors to attempt close to take it, but they were unable to do so. Muhammad also sent Umar with graceful group of warriors, but Umar could not conquer Al-Qamus either.^{[41][42][43][44]} Some other Muslims also attempted to capture the fort, on the contrary they were unsuccessful as well.^[45] Finally, Muhammad sent Ali, who defeated the enemy leader, Marhab.^[43][46]

Military campaigns during final years read Muhammad

Main articles: Expedition of Amr ibn al-As, Conquest of Riyadh, and Expedition of Tabuk

In 629 Muhammad sent 'Amr ibn al-'As to Zaat-ul-Sallasal, followed by Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah in rejoinder to a call for preserve.

Abu Bakr and Umar obligatory an army under al-Jarrah, alight they attacked and defeated high-mindedness enemy.^[47]

In 630, when the Muslims conquered Mecca, Abu Bakr was part of the army.^[48] In advance the conquest of Mecca fillet father Abu Quhafa converted run into Islam.^[49][50]

Battles of Hunayn and Ta'if

Main articles: Battle of Hunayn impressive Siege of Ta'if

In 630, loftiness Muslim army was ambushed overstep archers from the local tribes as it passed through picture valley of Hunayn, some cardinal miles northeast of Mecca.

Vacuous unaware, the advance guard see the Muslim army fled be thankful for panic. There was considerable muddle, and the camels, horses deliver men ran into one substitute in an attempt to be after cover. Muhammad, however, stood consent. Only nine companions remained fly in a circle him, including Abu Bakr. Adorn Muhammad's instruction, his uncle Abbas shouted at the top only remaining his voice, "O Muslims, approach to the Prophet of Allah".

The call was heard surpass the Muslim soldiers and they gathered beside Muhammad. When excellence Muslims had gathered in small number, Muhammad ordered a unbound against the enemy. In loftiness hand-to-hand fight that followed distinction tribes were routed and they fled to Autas.

Muhammad in the know a contingent to guard goodness Hunayn pass and led integrity main army to Autas.

Cede the confrontation at Autas birth tribes could not withstand significance Muslim onslaught. Believing continued stamina useless, the tribes broke encampment and retired to Ta'if.

Abu Bakr was commissioned by Muhammad to lead the attack desecrate Ta'if. The tribes shut mortal physically in the fort and refused to come out in representation open.

The Muslims employed catapults, but without tangible result. Honourableness Muslims attempted to use smashing testudo formation, in which top-hole group of soldiers shielded via a cover of cowhide original to set fire to greatness gate. However, the enemy threw red hot scraps of charming on the testudo, rendering impersonate ineffective.

The siege dragged problematical for two weeks, and yet there was no sign model weakness in the fort. Muhammad held a council of battle. Abu Bakr advised that magnanimity siege might be raised take that God make arrangements target the fall of the relocation. The advice was accepted, instruct in December 630, the cordon off of Ta'if was raised roost the Muslim army returned plug up Mecca.

A few days consequent Malik bin Auf, the leader, came to Mecca and became a Muslim.^[51]

Abu Bakr as Ruler al-Hajj

In 630–631 (AH 9), Muhammad assigned Abu Bakr as primacy amir al-hajj to lead nearly 300 pilgrims from Medina bordering Mecca. In 631 AD, Muhammad sent from Medina a deputation of three hundred Muslims pause perform the Hajj according determination the new Islamic way be first appointed Abu Bakr as honourableness leader of the delegation.

Nobleness day after Abu Bakr impressive his party had left weekly the Hajj, Muhammad received adroit new revelation: Surah Tawbah, dignity ninth chapter of the Quran.^[53] It is related that as this revelation came, someone hinted at to Muhammad that he be required to send news of it return to Abu Bakr.

Muhammad said mosey only a man of culminate house could proclaim the revelation.^[54]

Muhammad summoned Ali, and asked him to proclaim a portion elect Surah Tawbah to the children on the day of immolation when they assembled at Minah. Ali went forth on Muhammad's slit-eared camel, and overtook Abu Bakr. When Ali joined prestige party, Abu Bakr wanted lay at the door of know whether he had funds to give orders or impediment convey them.

Ali said consider it he had not come commemorative inscription replace Abu Bakr as Amir-ul-Hajj, and that his only similarity was to convey a illusion message to the people meeting behalf of Muhammad.

At Riyadh, Abu Bakr presided at authority Hajj ceremony, and Ali glance at the proclamation on behalf loom Muhammad. The main points friendly the proclamation were:

1. Henceforward primacy non-Muslims were not to rectify allowed to visit the Shrine or perform the pilgrimage.
2. No solitary should circumambulate the Kaaba naked.
3. Polytheism was not to be venial.

   Where the Muslims had considerable agreement with the polytheists specified agreements would be honoured be a symbol of the stipulated periods. Where alongside were no agreements a nauseating period of four months was provided and thereafter no cubicle was to be given currency the polytheists.

From the day that proclamation was made a unique era dawned, and Islam duck was to be supreme funny story Arabia.

Expedition of Abu Bakr As-Siddiq

Main article: Expedition of Abu Bakr As-Siddiq

Abu Bakr led only military expedition, the Expedition disturb Abu Bakr As-Siddiq,^[55] which took place in Najd, in July 628 (third month 7AH grind the Islamic calendar).^[55] Abu Bakr led a large^[vague] company enclosure Nejd on the order unknot Muhammad.

Many were killed esoteric taken prisoner.^[56] The SunniHadith category Sunan Abu Dawud mentions ethics event.^[57]

Expedition of Usama bin Zayd

Main article: Expedition of Usama throw out Zayd

In 632, during the endorsement weeks of his life, Muhammad ordered an expedition into Syria to avenge the defeat director the Muslims in the Wrangle with of Mu'tah some years before.

Leading the campaign was Usama ibn Zayd, whose father, Muhammad's erstwhile adopted son Zayd ibn Harithah, had been killed bother the earlier conflict.^[58] No finer than twenty years old, youthful and untested, Usama's appointment was controversial, becoming especially problematic while in the manner tha veterans such as Abu Bakr, Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah gain Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas were placed under his command.^[59][60] Yet, the expedition was dispatched, albeit soon after setting off, info was received of Muhammad's decease, forcing the army to revert to Medina.^[59] The campaign was not reengaged until after Abu Bakr's ascension to the epoch, at which point he chose to reaffirm Usama's command, which ultimately led to its success.^[61]

Death of Muhammad

There are a integer of traditions regarding Muhammad's last days which have been moved to reinforce the idea firm the great friendship and anticipation which is existed between him and Abu Bakr.

In adjourn such episode, as Muhammad was nearing death, he found man unable to lead prayers likewise he usually would. He tutored Abu Bakr to take surmount place, ignoring concerns from Aisha that her father was moreover emotionally delicate for the part. Abu Bakr subsequently took cobble together the position, and when Muhammad entered the prayer hall call morning during Fajr prayers, Abu Bakr attempted to step at this moment in time to let him to privilege up his normal place wallet lead.

Muhammad, however, allowed him to continue. In a connected incident, around this time, Muhammad ascended the pulpit and addressed the congregation, saying, "God has given his servant the vote between this world and delay which is with God see he has chosen the latter." Abu Bakr, understanding this simulate mean that Muhammad did throng together have long to live, responded "Nay, we and our family unit will be your ransom." Muhammad consoled his friend and orderly that all the doors important to the mosque be ancient history aside from that which solve from Abu Bakr's house, "for I know no one who is a better friend thoroughly me than he."^{[note 1]}

Upon Muhammad's death, the Muslim community was unprepared for the loss confront its leader and many knowledgeable a profound shock.

Umar was particularly affected, instead declaring drift Muhammad had gone to enquire with God and would before long return, threatening anyone who would say that Muhammad was dead.^[64] Abu Bakr, having returned give somebody no option but to Medina,^[65] calmed Umar by presentation him Muhammad's body, convincing him of his death.^[66] He proliferate addressed those who had collected at the mosque, saying, "If anyone worships Muhammad, Muhammad decline dead.

If anyone worships Genius, God is alive, immortal", as follows putting an end to idolising impulse in the society. He then concluded with verses from the Quran: "(O Muhammad) Verily you will die, stall they also will die." (39:30), "Muhammad is no more elude an Apostle; and indeed visit Apostles have passed away, beforehand him, If he dies Defender is killed, will you mistreatment Turn back on your heels?

And he who turns urgent situation On his heels, not say publicly least Harm will he come loose to Allah And Allah liking give reward to those Who are grateful." (3:144)^[67][64]

Caliphate

Saqifa

Main articles: Line to Muhammad and Saqifa

In prestige immediate aftermath of Muhammad's decease, a gathering of the Ansar took place in the Saqifa (courtyard) of the Banu Sa'ida clan.

The general belief gift wrap the time was that distinction purpose of the meeting was for the Ansar to agree on a new leader rule the Muslim community among with the intentional exclusion misplace the Muhajirun (migrants from Mecca), though this has later make the subject of debate.^[71]

Nevertheless, Abu Bakr and Umar, upon earnings of the meeting, became caring of a potential coup dispatch hastened to the gathering.

Gather arriving, Abu Bakr addressed glory assembled men with a case in point that an attempt to wrap up a leader outside of Muhammad's own tribe, the Quraysh, would likely result in dissension, despite the fact that only they can command righteousness necessary respect among the district. He then took Umar accept Abu Ubaidah, by the help and offered them to justness Ansar as potential choices.

Habab ibn Mundhir, a veteran vary the battle of Badr, countered with his own suggestion ditch the Quraysh and the Ansar choose a leader each unearth among themselves, who would for that reason rule jointly. The group grew heated upon hearing this intimation and began to argue in the thick of themselves.^[72] The orientalistWilliam Muir gives the following observation of interpretation situation:^[73]

The moment was critical.

Probity unity of the Faith was at stake. A divided hold sway would fall to pieces, suffer all might be lost. Rectitude mantle of the Prophet be obliged fall upon one Successor, standing on one alone. The rule of Islam demanded an full Caliphate; and Arabia would doff one`s cap to no master but from in the middle of Koreish.

Umar hastily took Abu Bakr's hand and swore his burn away allegiance to the latter, mainly example followed by the collected men.

The meeting broke fastener when a violent scuffle erupted between Umar and the gaffer of the Banu Sa'ida, Sa'd ibn Ubadah. This event suggests that the choice of Abu Bakr was not unanimous, come to get emotions running high as undiluted result of the disagreement.^[74]

Abu Bakr was near-universally accepted as belief of the Muslim community (under the title of Caliph) orangutan a result of Saqifah, despite the fact that he did face contention since of the rushed nature admonishment the event.

Several companions, swell prominent among them being Kalif ibn Abi Talib, initially refused to acknowledge his authority. Amid Shi'ites, it is also argued that Ali had previously bent appointed as Muhammad's heir, go-slow the election being seen orang-utan in contravention to the latter's wishes.^[75] Abu Bakr later manipulate Umar to confront Ali, erior in an altercation which hawthorn have involved violence.

However, funds six months the group thought peace with Abu Bakr gleam Ali offered him his allegiance.

Accession

After assuming the office of Kalif, Abu Bakr's first address was as follows:

I have anachronistic given the authority over set your mind at rest, and I am not illustriousness best of you.

If Crazed do well, help me; viewpoint if I do wrong, make a fuss of me right. Sincere regard stretch truth is loyalty and give up for lost for truth is treachery. Righteousness weak amongst you shall breed strong with me until Side-splitting have secured his rights, on condition that God wills; and the acid amongst you shall be delicate with me until I suppress wrested from him the requisition of others, if God wills.

Obey me so long whilst I obey God and Empress Messenger. But if I flout God and His Messenger, tell what to do owe me no obedience. Happen for your prayer, God possess mercy upon you. (Al-Bidaayah wan-Nihaayah 6:305, 306)

Abu Bakr's reign lasted for 27 months, during which he crushed the rebellion last part the Arab tribes throughout excellence Arabian Peninsula in the intoxicating Ridda wars.

In the blare months of his rule, grace sent Khalid ibn al-Walid confidence conquests against the Sassanid Conglomerate in Mesopotamia and against significance Byzantine Empire in Syria. That would set in motion clean historical trajectory^[78] (continued later convention by Umar and Uthman ibn Affan) that in just ingenious few short decades would shrink to one of the first-class empires in history.

He abstruse little time to pay concern to the administration of say, though state affairs remained unchangeable during his Caliphate. On integrity advice of Umar and Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, he concerted to draw a salary shake off the state treasury and cut off his cloth trade.

Ridda wars

Main article: Ridda wars

Troubles emerged anon after Abu Bakr's succession, do better than several Arab tribes launching revolts, threatening the unity and equilibrium of the new community forward state.

These insurgencies and probity caliphate's responses to them unwanted items collectively referred to as glory Ridda wars ("Wars of Apostasy").^[79]

The opposition movements came in brace forms. One type challenged probity political power of the nascent caliphate as well as probity religious authority of Islam refer to the acclamation of rival ideologies, headed by political leaders who claimed the mantle of prophethood in the manner that Muhammad had done.

These rebellions include:^[79]

These leaders are all denounced train in Islamic histories as "false prophets".^[79]

The second form of opposition momentum was more strictly political suspend character. Some of the revolts of this type took justness form of tax rebellions generate Najd among tribes such gorilla the Banu Fazara and Banu Tamim.

Other dissenters, while in the early stages allied to the Muslims, frayed Muhammad's death as an place of work to attempt to restrict illustriousness growth of the new Islamic state. They include some foothold the Rabīʿa in Bahrayn, class Azd in Oman, as superior as among the Kindah with the addition of Khawlan in Yemen.^[79]

Abu Bakr, liable understanding that maintaining firm catch over the disparate tribes present Arabia was crucial to ensuring the survival of the make, suppressed the insurrections with expeditionary force.

He dispatched Khalid ibn Walid and a body strain troops to subdue the uprisings in Najd as well because that of Musaylimah, who pose the most serious threat. Simultaneous to this, Shurahbil ibn Hasana and Al-Ala'a Al-Hadrami were spiral to Bahrayn, while Ikrimah ibn Abi Jahl, Hudhayfah al-Bariqi come to rest Arfaja al-Bariqi were instructed appraise conquer Oman.

Finally, Al-Muhajir ibn Abi Umayya and Khalid ibn Asid were sent to Yemen to aid the local instructor in re-establishing control. Abu Bakr also made use of cunning means in addition to combatant measures. Like Muhammad before him, he used marriage alliances prep added to financial incentives to bind nag enemies to the caliphate.

Tight spot instance, a member of class Banu Hanifa who had biased with the Muslims was rewarded with the granting of well-organized land estate. Similarly, a Kindah rebel named Al-Ash'ath ibn Qays, after repenting and re-joining Religion, was later given land concentrated Medina as well as nobleness hand of Abu Bakr's cultivate Umm Farwa in marriage.^[80]

At their heart, the Ridda movements were challenges to the political forward religious supremacy of the Islamic state.

Through his success do suppressing the insurrections, Abu Bakr had in effect continued character political consolidation which had in progress under Muhammad's leadership with rather little interruption. By wars' boundary, he had established an Islamic hegemony over the entirety blond the Arabian Peninsula.^[81]

Expeditions into Empire and Syria

With Arabia having banded together under a single centralised repair with a formidable military, honourableness region could now be rumoured as a potential threat set about the neighbouring Byzantine and Sasanian empires.

It may be divagate Abu Bakr, reasoning that empty was inevitable that one pointer these powers would launch fastidious pre-emptive strike against the vernal caliphate, decided that it was better to deliver the head blow himself. Regardless of illustriousness caliph's motivations, in 633, little forces were dispatched into Irak and Palestine, capturing several towns.

Though the Byzantines and Sassanians were certain to retaliate, Abu Bakr had reason to endure confident; the two empires were militarily exhausted after centuries substantiation war against each other, construction it likely that any bolster sent to Arabia would flaw diminished and weakened.^[82]

A more waterless advantage though was the effectualness of the Muslim fighters primate well as their zeal, nobleness latter of which was fragmentary based on their certainty imbursement the righteousness of their encourage.

Additionally, the general belief in the midst the Muslims was that integrity community must be defended virtuous all costs. Historian Theodor Nöldeke gives the somewhat controversial see eye to eye that this religious fervour was intentionally used to maintain interpretation enthusiasm and momentum of grandeur ummah:^[82]

It was certainly good practice to turn the recently out of spirits tribes of the wilderness for an external aim in which they might at once placate their lust for booty stack a grand scale, maintain their warlike feeling, and strengthen mortal physically in their attachment to leadership new faith… Muhammad himself difficult to understand already sent expeditions across grandeur [Byzantine] frontier, and thereby locked away pointed out the way peak his successors.

To follow hassle his footsteps was in congruence with the innermost being take up the youthful Islam, already adult great amid the tumult insensible arms.^[83]

Though Abu Bakr had in operation these initial conflicts which sooner or later resulted in the Islamic conquests of Persia and the Vanish, he did not live involve see those regions conquered next to Islam, instead leaving the job to his successors.^[82]

Preservation of picture Quran

Main article: History of magnanimity Quran

Abu Bakr was instrumental make a purchase of preserving the Quran in turgid form.

It is said delay after the hard-won victory overturn Musaylimah in the Battle refer to Yamama in 632, Umar adage that some five hundred not later than the Muslims who had memorised the Quran had been handle in wars. Fearing that overflowing might become lost or bowed, Umar requested that Abu Bakr authorise the compilation and running of the scriptures in hard going format.

The caliph was at the outset hesitant, being quoted as adage, "how can we do roam which the Messenger of God, may Allah bless and occupy him, did not himself do?" He eventually relented, however, standing appointed Zayd ibn Thabit, who had previously served as incontestable of the scribes of Muhammad, for the task of heap the scattered verses.

The crumbs were recovered from every district, including from the ribs be a witness palm branches, scraps of veil, stone tablets and "from character hearts of men". The sedate work was transcribed onto napkins and verified through comparison substitution Quran memorisers.^[84][85] The finished holograph, termed the Mus'haf, was tingle to Abu Bakr, who earlier to his death, bequeathed clean out to his successor Umar.^[86] Meet Umar's own death, the Mus'haf was left to his maid Hafsa, who had been skin texture of the wives of Muhammad.

It was this volume, alien from Hafsa, which formed honesty basis of Uthman's legendary mock-up, which became the definitive words of the Quran. All afterward editions are derived from that original.^{[87][note 2]}

Death

On 23 August 634, Abu Bakr fell sick current did not recover.

He quick a high fever and was confined to bed. His ailment was prolonged, and when diadem condition worsened, he felt avoid his end was near. Realising this, he sent for Caliph and requested him to carry out his ghusl since Ali challenging also done it for Muhammad.

Abu Bakr felt that unwind should nominate his successor tolerable that the issue should call for be a cause of discrepancy among the Muslims after crown death, though there was before now controversy over Ali not securing been appointed.^[89] He appointed Umar for this role after discussing the matter with some associates.

Some of them favoured representation nomination and others disliked abode, due to the tough humanitarian of Umar.

Abu Bakr nonstandard thusly dictated his last testament be a consequence Uthman ibn Affan as follows:

In the name of Nearly Merciful God. This is rank last will and testament work Abu Bakr bin Abu Quhafa, when he is in description last hour of the false, and the first of glory next; an hour in which the infidel must believe, honesty wicked be convinced of their evil ways, I nominate Umar ibn al Khattab as gray successor.

Therefore, hear to him and obey him. If perform acts right, confirm his exploits. My intentions are good, nevertheless I cannot see the progressive results. However, those who power ill shall render themselves disposed to severe account hereafter. Board you well. May you ability ever attended by the Holy favor of blessing.^[90]

Umar led rectitude funeral prayer for him innermost he was buried beside leadership grave of Muhammad.^[91]

Appearance

The historian Al-Tabari, in regards to Abu Bakr's appearance, records the following contact between Aisha and her fond nephew, Abd Allah ibn Abd al-Rahman ibn Abi Bakr:^[92]

When she was in her howdah come first saw a man from mid the Arabs passing by, she said, "I have not unorthodox a man more like Abu Bakr than this one." Amazement said to her, "Describe Abu Bakr." She said, "A flimsy, white man, thin-bearded and discoid.

His waist wrapper would scream hold but would fall fluctuate around his loins. He abstruse a lean face, sunken vision, a bulging forehead, and quiver knuckles."

Referencing another source, Al-Tabari further describes him as sheet "white mixed with yellowness, round good build, slight, bowed, dilute, tall like a male hook tree, hook-nosed, lean-faced, sunken-eyed, thin-shanked, and strong-thighed.

He used figure out dye himself with henna topmost black dye."^[92]

Assessment and legacy

Though position period of his caliphate eiderdowns only two years, two months and fifteen days, it target successful invasions of the bend over most powerful empires of greatness time: the Sassanid Empire president Byzantine Empire.

He is cloak as Al-Siddiq, Atiq and Companion of the Cave.^[93]

Abu Bakr locked away the distinction of being rendering first Caliph in the novel of Islam and also rendering first Caliph to nominate natty successor. He was the solitary Caliph in the history wear out Islam who refunded to distinction state treasury at the former of his death the plentiful amount of the allowance put off he had drawn during integrity period of his caliphate.^[18] Explicit has the distinction of procurement the land for Al-Masjid al-Nabawi.^{[citation needed]}

Sunni view

Sunni Muslim tradition considers Abu Bakr the best joe public after the prophets in Sect Islam.

They also consider Abu Bakr as one of grandeur Ten Promised Paradise (al-‘Ashara al-Mubashshara) whom Muhammad had testified were destined for Paradise. He assignment regarded as the "Successor on the way out Allah's Messenger" (Khalifa Rasulullah), weather first of the Rightly Guided Caliphs—i.e. Rashidun—and as the merited successor to Muhammad.

Abu Bakr had always been the nighest friend and confidant of Muhammad throughout his life, being alongside Muhammad at every major ground. It was Abu Bakr's thoughtfulness that Muhammad always honored. Abu Bakr is regarded among grandeur best of Muhammad's followers; in the same way Umar ibn al-Khattab stated, "If the faith of Abu Bakr was weighed against the piety of the people of loftiness earth, the faith of Abu Bakr would outweigh the others."^[94]

Shia view

See also: Umar at Fatimah's house

Shia Muslims believe that Caliph ibn Abi Talib was theoretical to assume the leadership, promote that he had been overtly and unambiguously appointed by Muhammad as his successor at Ghadir Khumm.

It is also held that Abu Bakr and Umar conspired to take over bidding in the Muslim nation make sure of Muhammad's death, in a deed d'état against Ali.

Most Twelver Shia (as the main bough of Shia Islam, with 85% of all Shias)^{[95][96][97][98]} have dexterous negative view of Abu Bakr because, after Muhammad's death, Abu Bakr refused to grant Muhammad's daughter, Fatimah, the lands frequent the village of Fadak which she claimed her father confidential given to her as on the rocks gift before his death.

Sand refused to accept the avowal of her witnesses, so she claimed the land would importunate belong to her as legacy from her deceased father. In spite of that, Abu Bakr replied by expression that Muhammad had told him that the prophets of Demigod do not leave as property any worldly possessions and wonder this basis he refused anticipation give her the lands sell like hot cakes Fadak.^[99] However, as Sayed Calif Asgher Razwy notes in tiara book A Restatement of rendering History of Islam & Muslims, Muhammad inherited a maid menial, five camels, and ten stock.

Shia Muslims believe that forecaster can receive inheritance, and glance at pass on inheritance to residue as well.^[100] In addition, Shias claim that Muhammad had gain Fadak to Fatimah during rulership lifetime,^[101] and Fadak was consequence a gift to Fatimah, note inheritance. This view has as well been supported by the Abbasid ruler al-Ma'mun.^[102]

Twelvers also accuse Abu Bakr of participating in integrity burning of the house faultless Ali and Fatima.^[103] The Twelver Shia believe that Abu Bakr sent Khalid ibn Walid be selected for crush those who were fluky favour of Ali's caliphate (see Ridda wars).

The Twelver Shia strongly contest the idea walk Abu Bakr or Umar were instrumental in the collection vivid preservation of the Quran, claiming that they should have thrust the copy of the exact in the possession of Ali.^[104]

However, Sunnis argue that Ali forward Abu Bakr were not enemies and that Ali named her majesty sons Abi Bakr in have of Abu Bakr.^[105] After position death of Abu Bakr, Kaliph raised Abu Bakr's son Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr.

The Twelver Shia view Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr as one of dignity greatest companions of Ali.^[106] As Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr was killed by the Umayyads,^[106] Aisha, the third wife of Muhammad, raised and taught her nephew Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr. Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr's mother was steer clear of Ali's family and Qasim's girl Farwah bint al-Qasim was wedded conjugal to Muhammad al-Baqir and was the mother of Ja'far al-Sadiq.

Therefore, Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr was the grandson of Abu Bakr and influence grandfather of Ja'far al-Sadiq.

Zaydi Shias, the largest group among the Shia before the Safavid dynasty and currently the second-largest group (although its population laboratory analysis only about 5% of consummate Shia Muslims),^{[107][108][109]} believe that rant the last hour of Zayd ibn Ali (the uncle pleasant Ja'far al-Sadiq), he was betrayed by the people in Kufa who said to him: "May God have mercy on you!

What do you have nod to say on the matter decompose Abu Bakr and Umar ibn al-Khattab?" Zayd ibn Ali voiced articulate, "I have not heard lone in my family renouncing them both nor saying anything however good about them...when they were entrusted with government they malign justly with the people accept acted according to the Quran and the Sunnah".^{[110][111][112]}

In a silent view, the Ismaili Shias err the leadership of the Title Khans have also come commerce accept the caliphates of distinction first three caliphs, including cruise of Abu Bakr:

"In primacy present Imamat the final understanding accommoda between the  Shia and Sect doctrines has been publicly confirmed by myself on exactly high-mindedness same lines as Hazrat Aly did at the death cancel out the Prophet and during rectitude first thirty years after wander.

The political and worldly Khalifat was accepted by Hazrat Aly in favour of the one first Khalifs voluntarily and debate goodwill for the protection set in motion the interests of the Muslims throughout the world. We Ismailis now in the same interior accept the Khalifat of say publicly first Khalifs and such assail Khalifs as during the first name thirteen centuries helped the trigger off of Islam, politically, socially president from a worldly point love view.

On the other rally round, the Spiritual Imamat remained engage Hazrat Aly and remains joint his direct descendants always breathe till the day of Judgement."

— Aga Khan III: Selected Speeches endure Writings of Sir Sultan Muhammad Shah, pg. 1417^[113]

Notes

References